: Spores are even used in developing self-healing concrete , where they germinate to fill cracks with calcium carbonate precipitation [8, 16].
: While historically seen as an obligate aerobe, it is a facultative anaerobe that can grow without oxygen through fermentation [1, 2, 9]. bacillus subtilis
: It is naturally transformable , meaning it can actively take up foreign DNA from its environment, making it a primary model organism for genetic research [1, 8]. Major Applications : Spores are even used in developing self-healing
: Used as a biopesticide and soil inoculant to promote plant growth, fix nitrogen, and suppress fungal pathogens like root rot [10, 13, 15]. Major Applications : Used as a biopesticide and
: Under stress or nutrient starvation, it undergoes asymmetric cell division to create an endospore . These spores can remain dormant for years and are resistant to environmental extremes like UV radiation and high temperatures [1, 2, 5].
: It is a rod-shaped bacterium, typically 2–6 µm long and about 1 µm in diameter [1, 2].