Use "Ibid., [page number]." if the source is the same but the page has changed. 📝 Common Citation Examples Footnote Number Citation Content Explanation

Use "Ibid." alone if the page number is identical to the previous citation.

: Traditionally used, but the latest (18th) edition now discourages it in favor of shortened author-title references to avoid reader confusion.

: Always include the period at the end ( Ibid. ) because it is an abbreviation. Page numbers :

📍 : If you introduce a new source in between two references to the same book, you cannot use "Ibid." for the second one; you must provide a shortened version of the full citation instead.

: Generally does not use "Ibid.". It prefers repeating the author's name or using title-page shortcuts.