Examines the physical and social conditions of the test (e.g., time limits, task instructions, and setting) to ensure they mirror real-world language use.
Investigates whether the test actually triggers the mental processes it claims to measure. For instance, does a reading test require high-level inference or just simple keyword matching?. Language Testing and Validation
Evaluates the "washback" effect—how the test influences teaching and learning in the classroom and its broader social consequences. Strengths of the Work Examines the physical and social conditions of the test (e
Focuses on how well test scores relate to external measures, such as performance in a university setting or other standardized tests like IELTS or TOEFL . Language Testing and Validation