: Including repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Efficacy and Limitations :
: The review evaluates several non-pharmacological treatments, including:
: Using EEG (most common), functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), and functional MRI (fMRI). Rubia (2022)
The request likely refers to the academic review article published by Katya Rubia in the journal Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences in 2022. Article Overview
This is for informational purposes only. For medical advice or diagnosis, consult a professional. AI responses may include mistakes. Learn more Neurotherapeutics for ADHD: Do they work? - Rubia - 2022 Article Overview This is for informational purposes only
For a deep dive into the specific data on fMRI-NF protocols, you can access the full article on Wiley Online Library .
: Rubia highlights that ADHD is the most-imaged child psychiatric disorder. Research consistently shows small but reliable differences in the structure and functional connections of frontal, parietotemporal, and striatal brain regions. Learn more Neurotherapeutics for ADHD: Do they work
Most studies have been small with heterogeneous designs, often testing effects on cognitive functions rather than clinical symptoms.