: The findings are summarized in broader biological reviews, such as "The phenotypic costs of captivity" in Biological Reviews , which uses the Tenger-Trolander study to highlight how captive-bred individuals lose key behavioral traits.
: The research demonstrates that monarch butterflies reared in captivity (often purchased from commercial breeders) lose the innate ability to orient south for migration. Even when these butterflies were raised outdoors to experience natural environmental cues, they still failed to orient correctly compared to wild butterflies.
Key Study: Contemporary loss of migration in monarch butterflies strand & tenger
: "Contemporary loss of migration in monarch butterflies" by Tenger-Trolander et al. (2019).
You can access the full study and related reviews through the following academic platforms: : The findings are summarized in broader biological
The phenotypic costs of captivity - Crates - 2023 - Biological Reviews
: This research is frequently cited in discussions about the "phenotypic costs of captivity," illustrating how human intervention and artificial rearing can inadvertently strip a species of complex survival behaviors like long-distance migration. Where to Find the Article Key Study: Contemporary loss of migration in monarch
The most significant "solid article" on this topic explores how captive-bred monarch butterflies lose their ability to migrate.