Concise History - Computing: A

The 1950s and 60s saw the birth of the and the integrated circuit . Computers transformed from delicate room-sized furnaces into refrigerator-sized mainframes. This was the era of the "Priests of the Mainframe," where specialized technicians fed stacks of cards into IBM machines. But a counter-culture was brewing. In the 1970s, hobbyists in the Homebrew Computer Club —including Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak—dreamed of a "Personal Computer." With the Apple II and the IBM PC , the computer moved from the laboratory to the kitchen table. The Global Brain

Today, we have entered the age of "Invisible Computing." We no longer "go on the internet"; we live inside it. From to Artificial Intelligence , the machine has moved from the desk into our pockets, our watches, and even our subconscious. We have finally fulfilled Babbage’s dream: a world where the heavy lifting of logic is done by the silent, lightning-fast hum of the electron. Computing: A Concise History

By the 1990s, the story shifted from what the machine could do to what the machine could connect . The turned isolated boxes into a global nervous system. Soon, the desktop gave way to the laptop, and the laptop gave way to the smartphone —a device in your pocket with more power than all of NASA possessed during the moon landing. The Invisible Era The 1950s and 60s saw the birth of

For centuries, "computers" were people—mostly women—who spent their lives performing grueling manual calculations for navigation and astronomy. In the 1830s, grew frustrated with the errors in these human-made tables. He envisioned the Analytical Engine , a massive brass-and-iron machine that could be programmed with punched cards. His collaborator, Ada Lovelace , saw further than he did; she realized that if a machine could manipulate numbers, it could manipulate anything —music, art, or logic. She became the world’s first programmer, though her code wouldn't run for another hundred years. The War for Information But a counter-culture was brewing